Article 43A — Participation of workers in management of industries

The State shall take steps, by suitable legislation or in any other way, to secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments or other organisations engaged in any industry.

Source: Constitution of India, as published by the Ministry of Law and Justice.

Article 43A was inserted by the 42nd Amendment during the Emergency in 1976. It reflects a global wave of industrial democracy thinking in the 1970s: Germany's Mitbestimmung (co-determination) system giving workers board representation, Yugoslav workers' self-management experiments, and strong trade union demands in Britain for workers' control. In India, the amendment led to limited provisions for worker directors on the boards of some public sector enterprises. The concept built on earlier Gandhian ideas about cooperative management of industry and the socialist notion that political democracy without economic democracy is incomplete.

• 42nd Amendment (1976) — Inserted Article 43A directing the state to secure the participation of workers in the management of industrial undertakings.

• Article 39
• Article 43
• Article 19

Last reviewed: 3 July 2026