Indian Political CompassConstitution · 8 steps · ~33 min
Fundamental Rights in practice
The rights in Part III of the Constitution, what they guarantee, and the landmark cases that defined their limits.
- 1Article 14 — Equality before law→
The reasonable classification test and how courts decide when unequal treatment is permissible.
~4 min read - 2Article 15 — Non-discrimination→
Discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or birthplace — and the exceptions that allow reservations.
~5 min read - 3Article 17 — Abolition of untouchability→
How the Constitution addressed caste discrimination and the limits of legal prohibition.
~3 min read - 4Article 19 — Six freedoms→
Speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, and profession — with permissible restrictions.
~5 min read - 5Article 20 — Protection against arbitrary conviction→
No ex-post-facto laws, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination — the criminal law safeguards.
~3 min read - 6Article 21 — Life and personal liberty→
The most litigated article in the Constitution — privacy, health, education, bail, and more.
~6 min read - 7Article 21A — Right to education→
Free and compulsory education for children aged 6–14, added by the 86th Amendment in 2002.
~3 min read - 8Article 32 — Right to constitutional remedies→
Dr Ambedkar called it the heart and soul of the Constitution — the right to approach the Supreme Court directly.
~4 min read